NGAL is Downregulated in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Leads to Increased Survival, Proliferation, Migration and Chemoresistance.
Identifieur interne : 000541 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000540; suivant : 000542NGAL is Downregulated in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Leads to Increased Survival, Proliferation, Migration and Chemoresistance.
Auteurs : Javadi Monisha [Inde] ; Nand Kishor Roy [Inde] ; Ganesan Padmavathi [Inde] ; Kishore Banik [Inde] ; Devivasha Bordoloi [Inde] ; Amrita Devi Khwairakpam [Inde] ; Frank Arfuso [Australie] ; Arunachalam Chinnathambi [Arabie saoudite] ; Tahani Awad Alahmadi [Arabie saoudite] ; Sulaiman Ali Alharbi [Arabie saoudite] ; Gautam Sethi [Arabie saoudite, Singapour] ; Alan Prem Kumar [Singapour, Australie] ; Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara [Inde]Source :
- Cancers [ 2072-6694 ] ; 2018.
Abstract
Oral cancer is a major public health burden worldwide. The lack of biomarkers for early diagnosis has increased the difficulty in managing this disease. Recent studies have reported that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a secreted glycoprotein, is upregulated in various tumors. In our study, we found that NGAL was significantly downregulated in primary malignant and metastatic tissues of oral cancer in comparison to normal tissues. The downregulation of NGAL was strongly correlated with both degree of differentiation and stage (I⁻IV); it can also serve as a prognostic biomarker for oral cancer. Additionally, tobacco carcinogens were found to be involved in the downregulation of NGAL. Mechanistic studies revealed that knockdown of NGAL increased oral cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration; it also induced resistance against cisplatin. Silencing of NGAL activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)signaling and reduced autophagy by the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p53-Redd1 signaling axis. Moreover, cyclin-D1, Bcl-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were upregulated, and caspase-9 was downregulated, suggesting that silencing of NGAL increases oral cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Thus, from our study, it is evident that downregulation of NGAL activates the mTOR pathway and helps in the progression of oral cancer.
DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070228
PubMed: 29996471
PubMed Central: PMC6071146
Affiliations:
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Kishor" sort="Roy, Nand Kishor" uniqKey="Roy N" first="Nand Kishor" last="Roy">Nand Kishor Roy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. r.nand@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padmavathi, Ganesan" sort="Padmavathi, Ganesan" uniqKey="Padmavathi G" first="Ganesan" last="Padmavathi">Ganesan Padmavathi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. padmavathi@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banik, Kishore" sort="Banik, Kishore" uniqKey="Banik K" first="Kishore" last="Banik">Kishore Banik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. kishore.banik@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bordoloi, Devivasha" sort="Bordoloi, Devivasha" uniqKey="Bordoloi D" first="Devivasha" last="Bordoloi">Devivasha Bordoloi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. devivasha@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khwairakpam, Amrita Devi" sort="Khwairakpam, Amrita Devi" uniqKey="Khwairakpam A" first="Amrita Devi" last="Khwairakpam">Amrita Devi Khwairakpam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. d.amrita@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arfuso, Frank" sort="Arfuso, Frank" uniqKey="Arfuso F" first="Frank" last="Arfuso">Frank Arfuso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. frank.arfuso@curtin.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>WA 6009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chinnathambi, Arunachalam" sort="Chinnathambi, Arunachalam" uniqKey="Chinnathambi A" first="Arunachalam" last="Chinnathambi">Arunachalam Chinnathambi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. carunachalam@ksu.edu.sa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alahmadi, Tahani Awad" sort="Alahmadi, Tahani Awad" uniqKey="Alahmadi T" first="Tahani Awad" last="Alahmadi">Tahani Awad Alahmadi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. talahmadi@ksu.edu.sa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alharbi, Sulaiman Ali" sort="Alharbi, Sulaiman Ali" uniqKey="Alharbi S" first="Sulaiman Ali" last="Alharbi">Sulaiman Ali Alharbi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. sharbi@ksu.edu.sa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sethi, Gautam" sort="Sethi, Gautam" uniqKey="Sethi G" first="Gautam" last="Sethi">Gautam Sethi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. phcgs@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore. phcgs@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. phcgs@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Alan Prem" sort="Kumar, Alan Prem" uniqKey="Kumar A" first="Alan Prem" last="Kumar">Alan Prem Kumar</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>WA 6009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B" sort="Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B" uniqKey="Kunnumakkara A" first="Ajaikumar B" last="Kunnumakkara">Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. kunnumakkara@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2018">2018</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:29996471</idno><idno type="pmid">29996471</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/cancers10070228</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC6071146</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000503</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" 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for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Nand Kishor" sort="Roy, Nand Kishor" uniqKey="Roy N" first="Nand Kishor" last="Roy">Nand Kishor Roy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. r.nand@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Padmavathi, Ganesan" sort="Padmavathi, Ganesan" uniqKey="Padmavathi G" first="Ganesan" last="Padmavathi">Ganesan Padmavathi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. padmavathi@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banik, Kishore" sort="Banik, Kishore" uniqKey="Banik K" first="Kishore" last="Banik">Kishore Banik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. kishore.banik@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bordoloi, Devivasha" sort="Bordoloi, Devivasha" uniqKey="Bordoloi D" first="Devivasha" last="Bordoloi">Devivasha Bordoloi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. devivasha@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khwairakpam, Amrita Devi" sort="Khwairakpam, Amrita Devi" uniqKey="Khwairakpam A" first="Amrita Devi" last="Khwairakpam">Amrita Devi Khwairakpam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. d.amrita@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arfuso, Frank" sort="Arfuso, Frank" uniqKey="Arfuso F" first="Frank" last="Arfuso">Frank Arfuso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. frank.arfuso@curtin.edu.au.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>WA 6009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chinnathambi, Arunachalam" sort="Chinnathambi, Arunachalam" uniqKey="Chinnathambi A" first="Arunachalam" last="Chinnathambi">Arunachalam Chinnathambi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. carunachalam@ksu.edu.sa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alahmadi, Tahani Awad" sort="Alahmadi, Tahani Awad" uniqKey="Alahmadi T" first="Tahani Awad" last="Alahmadi">Tahani Awad Alahmadi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. talahmadi@ksu.edu.sa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alharbi, Sulaiman Ali" sort="Alharbi, Sulaiman Ali" uniqKey="Alharbi S" first="Sulaiman Ali" last="Alharbi">Sulaiman Ali Alharbi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. sharbi@ksu.edu.sa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sethi, Gautam" sort="Sethi, Gautam" uniqKey="Sethi G" first="Gautam" last="Sethi">Gautam Sethi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. phcgs@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Riyadh 11451</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore. phcgs@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. phcgs@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Alan Prem" sort="Kumar, Alan Prem" uniqKey="Kumar A" first="Alan Prem" last="Kumar">Alan Prem Kumar</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>WA 6009</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B" sort="Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B" uniqKey="Kunnumakkara A" first="Ajaikumar B" last="Kunnumakkara">Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. kunnumakkara@iitg.ernet.in.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Assam 781039</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Cancers</title><idno type="ISSN">2072-6694</idno><imprint><date when="2018" type="published">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Oral cancer is a major public health burden worldwide. The lack of biomarkers for early diagnosis has increased the difficulty in managing this disease. Recent studies have reported that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a secreted glycoprotein, is upregulated in various tumors. In our study, we found that NGAL was significantly downregulated in primary malignant and metastatic tissues of oral cancer in comparison to normal tissues. The downregulation of NGAL was strongly correlated with both degree of differentiation and stage (I⁻IV); it can also serve as a prognostic biomarker for oral cancer. Additionally, tobacco carcinogens were found to be involved in the downregulation of NGAL. Mechanistic studies revealed that knockdown of NGAL increased oral cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration; it also induced resistance against cisplatin. Silencing of NGAL activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)signaling and reduced autophagy by the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p53-Redd1 signaling axis. Moreover, cyclin-D1, Bcl-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were upregulated, and caspase-9 was downregulated, suggesting that silencing of NGAL increases oral cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Thus, from our study, it is evident that downregulation of NGAL activates the mTOR pathway and helps in the progression of oral cancer.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">29996471</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>01</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2072-6694</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>10</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2018</Year><Month>Jul</Month><Day>10</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Cancers</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Cancers (Basel)</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>NGAL is Downregulated in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Leads to Increased Survival, Proliferation, Migration and Chemoresistance.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">E228</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3390/cancers10070228</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Oral cancer is a major public health burden worldwide. The lack of biomarkers for early diagnosis has increased the difficulty in managing this disease. Recent studies have reported that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a secreted glycoprotein, is upregulated in various tumors. In our study, we found that NGAL was significantly downregulated in primary malignant and metastatic tissues of oral cancer in comparison to normal tissues. The downregulation of NGAL was strongly correlated with both degree of differentiation and stage (I⁻IV); it can also serve as a prognostic biomarker for oral cancer. Additionally, tobacco carcinogens were found to be involved in the downregulation of NGAL. Mechanistic studies revealed that knockdown of NGAL increased oral cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration; it also induced resistance against cisplatin. Silencing of NGAL activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)signaling and reduced autophagy by the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p53-Redd1 signaling axis. Moreover, cyclin-D1, Bcl-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were upregulated, and caspase-9 was downregulated, suggesting that silencing of NGAL increases oral cancer cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Thus, from our study, it is evident that downregulation of NGAL activates the mTOR pathway and helps in the progression of oral cancer.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Monisha</LastName><ForeName>Javadi</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. j.monisha@iitg.ernet.in.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roy</LastName><ForeName>Nand Kishor</ForeName><Initials>NK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. r.nand@iitg.ernet.in.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Padmavathi</LastName><ForeName>Ganesan</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. padmavathi@iitg.ernet.in.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Banik</LastName><ForeName>Kishore</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. kishore.banik@iitg.ernet.in.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bordoloi</LastName><ForeName>Devivasha</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. devivasha@iitg.ernet.in.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khwairakpam</LastName><ForeName>Amrita Devi</ForeName><Initials>AD</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. d.amrita@iitg.ernet.in.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Arfuso</LastName><ForeName>Frank</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. frank.arfuso@curtin.edu.au.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chinnathambi</LastName><ForeName>Arunachalam</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. carunachalam@ksu.edu.sa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alahmadi</LastName><ForeName>Tahani Awad</ForeName><Initials>TA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. talahmadi@ksu.edu.sa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Alharbi</LastName><ForeName>Sulaiman Ali</ForeName><Initials>SA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. sharbi@ksu.edu.sa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sethi</LastName><ForeName>Gautam</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. phcgs@nus.edu.sg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore. phcgs@nus.edu.sg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. phcgs@nus.edu.sg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kumar</LastName><ForeName>Alan Prem</ForeName><Initials>AP</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3754-5712</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Program, Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. csiapk@nus.edu.sg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kunnumakkara</LastName><ForeName>Ajaikumar B</ForeName><Initials>AB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cancer Biology Laboratory & DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India. kunnumakkara@iitg.ernet.in.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2018</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>10</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Cancers (Basel)</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101526829</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2072-6694</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">drug resistance</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">mTOR pathway</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">oral cancer</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">secreted glycoprotein</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2018</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>03</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2018</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>15</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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first="Kishore" last="Banik">Kishore Banik</name><name sortKey="Bordoloi, Devivasha" sort="Bordoloi, Devivasha" uniqKey="Bordoloi D" first="Devivasha" last="Bordoloi">Devivasha Bordoloi</name><name sortKey="Khwairakpam, Amrita Devi" sort="Khwairakpam, Amrita Devi" uniqKey="Khwairakpam A" first="Amrita Devi" last="Khwairakpam">Amrita Devi Khwairakpam</name><name sortKey="Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B" sort="Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B" uniqKey="Kunnumakkara A" first="Ajaikumar B" last="Kunnumakkara">Ajaikumar B. 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